Steven Livingston is the Founding Director of the Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics (IDDP) and Professor of Media and Public Affairs. He also holds an appointment in the Elliott School of International Affairs and is a non-resident senior fellow in the Illiberal Studies Program in the Elliott School.
Clarifying the CNN Effect: An Examination of Media Effects According to Type of Military Intervention
January 1, 1997
A paper by Steven Livingston, spring 1996 fellow, examines the “CNN effect,” or the concept that global, real-time media affects the conduct of U.S. diplomacy and foreign policy. Livingston first seeks to clarify what exactly is meant by the CNN effect. He then distinguishes different types of foreign policies, with different means, potential, costs (measured
